Nearly 30 years after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the countries of Central Asia, born from this geopolitical upheaval, have experienced the tortuous process of reconstruction of modern national countries. With the continuous maturity of state power building and social governance ability, the willingness and effect of Central Asian countries to maintain their own security are gradually improving. At the same time, the overall pattern of world political economy and regional geopolitical environment are also undergoing profound changes.

Especially after entering the second decade of this century, globalization has developed imbalances in the world, the original international system is facing serious challenges, and the global governance system that has not been constructed in end of the last century has become idle. The adjustment of great power relations repeatedly impacted the institutional framework barely built at the end of the Cold War Era, and the original fragile balance of global strategic forces was broken. These major changes constitute an important variable of the overall world situation and also affect the development and stability of Central Asia.

At present, the Central Asian countries are in the period of adjustment and consolidation of national polity and the deepening transition of economic model, and the superposition of the concentrated release of energy and social contradictions produced by the differentiation and reorganization of political forces is activated to affect the development direction and social stability of the country under the conditions of global and regional environment.

The Central Asian countries have experienced the denuclearization and transformation of non-confrontational military forces during the founding period, the transnational insurrection of regional extremism and terrorism in the late 1990s, and post"9·11" the spillover of war-related factors in Afghanistan and the emergence of the Islamic State in the Middle East, the spirit and action of local religious extremist forces cater to different attributes, different fields and different intensity of security risk tests, from which countries have built their own national security concepts and functional systems.

During this short period, the objective environment and subjective needs of the Central Asian countries to maintain national security have also changed. While some of the traditional security threats that were first in the early stages of independence, such as the defence of foreign invasion, the maintenance of sovereign independence, and the containment of social divisions, have been significantly reduced in weight.

And the others, which are already secondary and even potentially non-traditional security threats, such as religious extremism, the continued deterioration of the ecological environment and public health emergencies, have become new problems that restrict the stability and development of Central Asian countries and regions today and in the future. The populism trend of thought formed on the basis of complex historical reasons and social reality not only forms new variables that affect the development of the domestic situation in Central Asian countries, but also constitutes a direct threat to the security of related international cooperation projects.

It is of great significance to examine the emergence, present situation and development of these factors from the perspective of comprehensive security and sustainable security in the new concept of security put forward by Chinese leaders in recent years, so as to accurately investigate and evaluate the security situation in Central Asia.